27.3.DirectoryandFileSystemRelated

file&＃61;test.txt
b&＃61;${file%.*}
echo $b

$ for file in *.JPG;do mv $file ${file%.*}.jpg;done

file&＃61;test.txt
b&＃61;${file##*.}
echo $b

默认风格

[www&＃64;www.netkiller.cn ~]$ ls -l /var/log/message*
-rw------- 1 root root 302533 Jun 18 09:50 /var/log/messages
-rw------- 1 root root 392028 May 23 03:30 /var/log/messages-20160523
-rw------- 1 root root 334328 May 29 03:09 /var/log/messages-20160529
-rw------- 1 root root 395792 Jun 5 03:44 /var/log/messages-20160605
-rw------- 1 root root 308984 Jun 13 03:33 /var/log/messages-20160613

修改后

--full-time &＃61; --time-style&＃61;full-iso

[www&＃64;www.netkiller.cn ~]$ ls -l --full-time /var/log/messages*
-rw------- 1 root root 308659 2016-06-18 10:24:49.186979051 &＃43;0800 /var/log/messages
-rw------- 1 root root 392028 2016-05-23 03:30:01.869219181 &＃43;0800 /var/log/messages-20160523
-rw------- 1 root root 334328 2016-05-29 03:09:02.158442470 &＃43;0800 /var/log/messages-20160529
-rw------- 1 root root 395792 2016-06-05 03:44:02.424073354 &＃43;0800 /var/log/messages-20160605
-rw------- 1 root root 308984 2016-06-13 03:33:02.004785063 &＃43;0800 /var/log/messages-20160613[www&＃64;www.netkiller.cn ~]$ ls -l --time-style&＃61;full-iso /var/log/messages*
-rw------- 1 root root 308659 2016-06-18 10:24:49.186979051 &＃43;0800 /var/log/messages
-rw------- 1 root root 392028 2016-05-23 03:30:01.869219181 &＃43;0800 /var/log/messages-20160523
-rw------- 1 root root 334328 2016-05-29 03:09:02.158442470 &＃43;0800 /var/log/messages-20160529
-rw------- 1 root root 395792 2016-06-05 03:44:02.424073354 &＃43;0800 /var/log/messages-20160605
-rw------- 1 root root 308984 2016-06-13 03:33:02.004785063 &＃43;0800 /var/log/messages-20160613

long-iso

[www&＃64;www.netkiller.cn ~]$ ls -lh --time-style long-iso /var/log/message*
-rw------- 1 root root 296K 2016-06-18 10:00 /var/log/messages
-rw------- 1 root root 383K 2016-05-23 03:30 /var/log/messages-20160523
-rw------- 1 root root 327K 2016-05-29 03:09 /var/log/messages-20160529
-rw------- 1 root root 387K 2016-06-05 03:44 /var/log/messages-20160605
-rw------- 1 root root 302K 2016-06-13 03:33 /var/log/messages-20160613

通过配置 TIME_STYLE 环境变量&＃xff0c;改变日期格式

[www&＃64;www.netkiller.cn ~]$ export TIME_STYLE&＃61;long-iso[www&＃64;www.netkiller.cn ~]$ ls -l /var/log/message*
-rw------- 1 root root 302533 2016-06-18 09:50 /var/log/messages
-rw------- 1 root root 392028 2016-05-23 03:30 /var/log/messages-20160523
-rw------- 1 root root 334328 2016-05-29 03:09 /var/log/messages-20160529
-rw------- 1 root root 395792 2016-06-05 03:44 /var/log/messages-20160605
-rw------- 1 root root 308984 2016-06-13 03:33 /var/log/messages-20160613[www&＃64;www.netkiller.cn ~]$ export TIME_STYLE&＃61;iso
[www&＃64;www.netkiller.cn ~]$ ls -l /var/log/message*
-rw------- 1 root root 302533 06-18 09:50 /var/log/messages
-rw------- 1 root root 392028 05-23 03:30 /var/log/messages-20160523
-rw------- 1 root root 334328 05-29 03:09 /var/log/messages-20160529
-rw------- 1 root root 395792 06-05 03:44 /var/log/messages-20160605
-rw------- 1 root root 308984 06-13 03:33 /var/log/messages-20160613

自定义格式

[www&＃64;www.netkiller.cn ~]$ ls -l --time-style&＃61;"&＃43;%Y-%m-%d" /var/log/message*
-rw------- 1 root root 302533 2016-06-18 /var/log/messages
-rw------- 1 root root 392028 2016-05-23 /var/log/messages-20160523
-rw------- 1 root root 334328 2016-05-29 /var/log/messages-20160529
-rw------- 1 root root 395792 2016-06-05 /var/log/messages-20160605
-rw------- 1 root root 308984 2016-06-13 /var/log/messages-20160613[root&＃64;www.netkiller.cn ~]# export TIME_STYLE&＃61;&＃39;&＃43;%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S&＃39;
[root&＃64;www.netkiller.cn ~]# ls -l /var/log/messages*
-rw------- 1 root root 189352 2016/06/18 10:20:01 /var/log/messages
-rw------- 1 root root 322453 2016/05/22 03:48:02 /var/log/messages-20160522
-rw------- 1 root root 247398 2016/05/30 03:37:01 /var/log/messages-20160530
-rw------- 1 root root 174633 2016/06/05 03:14:02 /var/log/messages-20160605
-rw------- 1 root root 196728 2016/06/12 03:17:01 /var/log/messages-20160612

cp -r /etc/* ~/myetc

# alias cp
alias cp&＃61;&＃39;cp -i&＃39;# unalias cp
# alias cp
-bash: alias: cp: not found

# cp -a file file2

-a 参数可以保留原文件的日期与权限等等信息。

# ll
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2559 Aug 27 05:00 yum.sh# cp -a yum.sh yum1.sh
# cp yum.sh yum2.sh# ll yum*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2559 Aug 27 05:00 yum1.sh
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2559 Aug 27 05:58 yum2.sh
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2559 Aug 27 05:00 yum.sh

现在可以看到 yum1.sh 与 yum.sh 日期是相同的&＃xff0c;而没有实现-a参数的 yum2.sh 日期为当前日期。

ls -1 | xargs rm -f
find . -name &＃39;spam-*&＃39; | xargs rm
find . -exec rm {} \;ls | xargs -n 10 rm -fr # 10个为一组

yes | rm -i file

每10000行产生一个新文件

# split -l 10000 book.txt myfile

下面的例子是每10兆分割为一个新文件

split -b 10m large.bin new_file_prefix

Find every file under directory /usr ending in "stat".

$ find /usr -name *stat
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.24-22-generic/include/config/cpu/freq/stat
/usr/bin/lnstat
/usr/bin/sar.sysstat
/usr/bin/mpstat
/usr/bin/rtstat
/usr/bin/nstat
/usr/bin/lpstat
/usr/bin/ctstat
/usr/bin/stat
/usr/bin/kpsestat
/usr/bin/pidstat
/usr/bin/iostat
/usr/bin/vmstat
/usr/lib/sysstat
/usr/share/doc/sysstat
/usr/share/gnome/help/battstat
/usr/share/omf/battstat
/usr/share/zsh/help/stat
/usr/share/zsh/4.3.4/functions/Completion/Unix/_diffstat
/usr/share/zsh/4.3.4/functions/Completion/Zsh/_stat
/usr/share/zsh/4.3.4/functions/Zftp/zfstat

find \( -iname &＃39;*.jpg&＃39; -o -iname &＃39;*.png&＃39; -o -iname &＃39;*.gif&＃39; \)find /www/images -type f \( -iname &＃39;*.js&＃39; -o -iname &＃39;*.css&＃39; -o -iname &＃39;*.html&＃39; \) | xargs tar -czf ~/images.tgz

使用通配符

find . -name "*.jsp" -delete
find . -name "*.xml" -delete

find . -regex ".*\.\(jpg\|png\)"

下面regex与name作用相同

find . -regex ".*\.\(txt\|sh\)"
find . -name "*.sh" -o -name "*.txt"

-regex参数&＃xff0c;使用正则表达式来匹配. 查找当前目录以及子目录中以 ".sh",并改为以".shell"结尾.

[neo&＃64;netkiller test]# tree a
a
├── a.py
├── a.sh
└── b├── b.py├── b.sh├── c│ └── c.sh└── d└── d.sh[neo&＃64;netkiller test]# find ./a -type f -regex ".*\.sh$" | sed -r -n &＃39;s#(.*\.)sh$#mv & \1shell#e&＃39;
[neo&＃64;netkiller test]# tree a
a
├── a.py
├── a.shell
└── b├── b.py├── b.shell├── c│ └── c.shell└── d└── d.shell// 注意 sed s->e 使用方式,官方文档是这样解释的.
This command allows one to pipe input from a shell command into pattern space. If a substitution was made, the command that is found in pattern space is executed and pattern space is replaced with its output. A trailing newline is suppressed; results are undefined if the command to be executed contains a NUL character. This is a GNU sed extension.

Find every file under /home and /var/www owned by the user neo.

$ find /home -user neo
$ find /var/www -user neo
$ find . -user nobody -iname &＃39;*.php&＃39;

find ./ -perm -7 -print | xargs chmod o-w
find . -perm -o&＃61;w

查找当前目录下权限为777的文件并显示到标准输出

find ./ -type f -perm 777 -print

# find /var/spool/clientmqueue/ -type f -delete

保留最近7天的问题&＃xff0c;其他全部删除

find . -type f -mtime &＃43;7 -delete

替换文本

# find ./ -exec grep str1 ‘{}’ \; -exec sed -i.bak s/str1/str2/g ‘{}’ \;

find -exec ls -l {} \; | grep &＃39;2011-01-18&＃39;

查找*.html文件中aaa替换为bbb

find . -name "*.html" -type f -exec sed -i "s/aaa/bbb/" {} \;

查找文件中含有openWindow字符串的文件

# find -type f -name "*.js" -exec grep -H -A2 openWindow {} \;./Javascript/commonjs.js:function openWindow(url){
./Javascript/commonjs.js- window.open(url &＃43; "?rand&＃61;" &＃43; getRandom(), &＃39;gamebinary&＃39;);
./Javascript/commonjs.js-}

find -type f -regex ".*\.\(css\|js\)" -exec yuicompressor {} -o {} \;
find -type f -name "*.js" -exec yuicompressor --type js {} -o {} \;
find -type f -name "*.css" -exec yuicompressor --type css {} -o {} \;

find /usr/local -path "/usr/local/share" -prune -o -printfind /usr/local \( -path /usr/local/bin -o -path /usr/local/sbin \) -prune -o -printfind /usr/local \(-path /usr/local/dir1 -o -path /usr/local/file1 \) -prune -o -name "temp" -print

查找当前目录下的php文件,排除子目录templates_c, caches

find . \( -path ./templates_c -o -path ./caches \) -prune -o -name "*.php" -print

# find . -mmin &＃43;5 -mmin -10

find /www -type f -mtime &＃43;60s

查找当前目录下超过6天且是空文件并删除

find ./ -type d -empty -ctime &＃43;6 -exec rm -f {} \;

查找7天前的文件并删除

find /backup/svn/day -type f -ctime &＃43;7 -exec rm -f {} \;
find /backup/svn/day -type f -ctime &＃43;7 -delete
find /backup/svn/day -type f -ctime &＃43;7 | xargs rm -f

查询最近3天前内修改的文件

find . -type f -mtime -3

3天前

find . -type f -mtime &＃43;3

保留7天&＃xff0c;删除7天的日志文件

COPIES&＃61;7
find /var/log -type f -mtime &＃43;$COPIES -delete

tar --newer&＃61;"2011-07-04" -zcvf backup.tar.gz /var/www/
tar cvzf foo.tgz /bak -N "2004-03-03 16:49:17"

[root&＃64;scientific ~]# find / -maxdepth 1 -name &＃39;[!.]*&＃39; -printf &＃39;Name: %16f Size: %6s\n&＃39;
Name: / Size: 4096
Name: misc Size: 0
Name: media Size: 4096
Name: home Size: 4096
Name: dev Size: 3840
Name: net Size: 0
Name: proc Size: 0
Name: sbin Size: 12288
Name: root Size: 4096
Name: lib Size: 4096
Name: cgroup Size: 4096
Name: srv Size: 4096
Name: mnt Size: 4096
Name: etc Size: 12288
Name: usr Size: 4096
Name: lib64 Size: 12288
Name: boot Size: 1024
Name: var Size: 4096
Name: selinux Size: 0
Name: opt Size: 4096
Name: tmp Size: 4096
Name: lost&＃43;found Size: 16384
Name: sys Size: 0
Name: bin Size: 4096# find /etc/ -type f -printf "%CY-%Cm-%Cd %Cr %8s %f\n"

查找0字节文件

find /www -type f -size 0

查找根目录下大于1G的文件

find / -type f -size &＃43;1000M

搜索当前目录下除了keys目录下所以子目录中的文件

find ./ -path "./keys" -prune -o -type f -print

find排除多个目录

find ./ \( -path ./conf -o -path ./logs \) -prune -o -printfind /data/ \( -path /data/data_backup -o -path /data/mysql \) -prune -o -name "core.*" -type f
/data/mysql
/data/data_backup

ps 要么都是绝对路径 要么都是相对路径 /data/ 必须有"/" path 后面的路径必须没有"/"

-maxdepth和-mindepth&＃xff0c;最大深度&＃xff0c;最小深度搜索&＃xff0c;搜索当前目录下最大深度为1的所以文件

find . -maxdepth 1 -type f

find /etc -type f|xargs md5sum

sha1sum

find /etc -type f|xargs sha1sum

find ./ -name "*html" | xargs -n 1 sed -i -e &＃39;s/aaa/bbb/g&＃39;

find /tmp -name core -type f -print | xargs /bin/rm -f
find . -type f -exec file &＃39;{}&＃39; \;

find后执行xargs提示xargs: argument line too long解决方法&＃xff1a;

find . -type f -name "*.log" -print0 | xargs -0 rm -f