python回溯法实现数组全排列输出实例分析

from sys import stdout
#code from https://www.jb51.net/
def perm(li, start, end):
  if(start == end):
    for elem in li:
      stdout.write(elem)
    print ''
  else:
    for i in range(start, end):
      li[start], li[i] = li[i], li[start]
      perm(li, start+1, end)
      li[i], li[start] = li[start], li[i]
if __name__ == '__main__':
  li = ['a','b','c','d']
  perm(li, 0, len(li))