你可能不知道的30个Python语言的特点技巧

每个窍门或语言特性只能通过实例来验证，无需过多解释。虽然我已尽力使例子清晰，但它们中的一些仍会看起来有些复杂，这取决于你的熟悉程度。所以如果看过例子后还不清楚的话，标题能够提供足够的信息让你通过Google获取详细的内容。

列表按难度排序，常用的语言特征和技巧放在前面。

1.30 最大最小元素 (heapq.nlargest和heapq.nsmallest)

>>> a = [random.randint(0, 100) for __ in xrange(100)]

>>> heapq.nsmallest(5, a)

[3, 3, 5, 6, 8]

>>> heapq.nlargest(5, a)

[100, 100, 99, 98, 98]

1.31 笛卡尔乘积 (itertools.product)

>>> for p in itertools.product([1, 2, 3], [4, 5]):

(1, 4)

(1, 5)

(2, 4)

(2, 5)

(3, 4)

(3, 5)

>>> for p in itertools.product([0, 1], repeat=4):

... print &＃39;&＃39;.join(str(x) for x in p)

...

0000

0001

0010

0011

0100

0101

0110

0111

1000

1001

1010

1011

1100

1101

1110

1111

1.32 组合的组合和置换 (itertools.combinations 和 itertools.combinations_with_replacement)

>>> for c in itertools.combinations([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 3):

... print &＃39;&＃39;.join(str(x) for x in c)

...

123

124

125

134

135

145

234

235

245

345

>>> for c in itertools.combinations_with_replacement([1, 2, 3], 2):

... print &＃39;&＃39;.join(str(x) for x in c)

...

11

12

13

22

23

33

1.33 排序 (itertools.permutations)

>>> for p in itertools.permutations([1, 2, 3, 4]):

... print &＃39;&＃39;.join(str(x) for x in p)

...

1234

1243

1324

1342

1423

1432

2134

2143

2314

2341

2413

2431

3124

3142

3214

3241

3412

3421

4123

4132

4213

4231

4312

4321

1.34 链接的迭代 (itertools.chain)

>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4]

>>> for p in itertools.chain(itertools.combinations(a, 2), itertools.combinations(a, 3)):

... print p

...

(1, 2)

(1, 3)

(1, 4)

(2, 3)

(2, 4)

(3, 4)

(1, 2, 3)

(1, 2, 4)

(1, 3, 4)

(2, 3, 4)

>>> for subset in itertools.chain.from_iterable(itertools.combinations(a, n) for n in range(len(a) + 1))

... print subset

...

()

(1,)

(2,)

(3,)

(4,)

(1, 2)

(1, 3)

(1, 4)

(2, 3)

(2, 4)

(3, 4)

(1, 2, 3)

(1, 2, 4)

(1, 3, 4)

(2, 3, 4)

(1, 2, 3, 4)

1.35 按给定值分组行 (itertools.groupby)

>>> from operator import itemgetter

>>> import itertools

>>> with open(&＃39;contactlenses.csv&＃39;, &＃39;r&＃39;) as infile:

... data = [line.strip().split(&＃39;,&＃39;) for line in infile]

...

>>> data = data[1:]

>>> def print_data(rows):

... print &＃39;\n&＃39;.join(&＃39;\t&＃39;.join(&＃39;{: <16}&＃39;.format(s) for s in row) for row in rows)

...

>>> print_data(data)

young myope no reduced none

young myope no normal soft

young myope yes reduced none

young myope yes normal hard

young hypermetrope no reduced none

young hypermetrope no normal soft

young hypermetrope yes reduced none

young hypermetrope yes normal hard

pre-presbyopic myope no reduced none

pre-presbyopic myope no normal soft

pre-presbyopic myope yes reduced none

pre-presbyopic myope yes normal hard

pre-presbyopic hypermetrope no reduced none

pre-presbyopic hypermetrope no normal soft

pre-presbyopic hypermetrope yes reduced none

pre-presbyopic hypermetrope yes normal none

presbyopic myope no reduced none

presbyopic myope no normal none

presbyopic myope yes reduced none

presbyopic myope yes normal hard

presbyopic hypermetrope no reduced none

presbyopic hypermetrope no normal soft

presbyopic hypermetrope yes reduced none

presbyopic hypermetrope yes normal none

>>> data.sort(key=itemgetter(-1))

>>> for value, group in itertools.groupby(data, lambda r: r[-1]):

... print &＃39;-----------&＃39;

... print &＃39;Group: &＃39; + value

... print_data(group)

...

-----------

Group: hard

young myope yes normal hard

young hypermetrope yes normal hard

pre-presbyopic myope yes normal hard

presbyopic myope yes normal hard

-----------

Group: none

young myope no reduced none

young myope yes reduced none

young hypermetrope no reduced none

young hypermetrope yes reduced none

pre-presbyopic myope no reduced none

pre-presbyopic myope yes reduced none

pre-presbyopic hypermetrope no reduced none

pre-presbyopic hypermetrope yes reduced none

pre-presbyopic hypermetrope yes normal none

presbyopic myope no reduced none

presbyopic myope no normal none

presbyopic myope yes reduced none

presbyopic hypermetrope no reduced none

presbyopic hypermetrope yes reduced none

presbyopic hypermetrope yes normal none

-----------

Group: soft

young myope no normal soft

young hypermetrope no normal soft

pre-presbyopic myope no normal soft

pre-presbyopic hypermetrope no normal soft

presbyopic hypermetrope no normal soft